关于直肠癌
Rectal cancer is a disease in which cancerous cells form in the tissues at the end of the large intestine, 或直肠.
迹象 & 症状
以下是直肠癌的征兆：
- 大便中有血（鲜红色或暗红色）
- 排便习惯的改变
- 腹泻
- 便秘
- 肠不空的感觉
- Stools that are narrower or have a different shape than usual
- 腹部疼痛或不适
- 食欲变化
- 突然的、无法解释的体重下降
- 感觉异常疲劳
许多其他健康问题也会导致这些症状. If you have any of these signs, see your doctor as soon as possible.
了解更多关于 直肠癌 来自国家癌症研究所.
直肠图像
专业 & 治疗
The treatment or combination of treatments each patient has depends on the stage of the cancer, 护理小组的建议, 以及病人的愿望. These are the most common types of treatment for 直肠癌:
- 手术
- 放射治疗
- 化疗
- 靶向治疗
- 射频消融术
亨茨曼癌症研究所’s Gastrointestinal (GI) 癌症s Program provides comprehensive, 富有同情心的, state-of-the-art care for cancers of the digestive system. Our experts treat and diagnose all types of GI cancers and conditions.
了解更多关于 癌症治疗的类型.
找直肠癌医生
原因 & 风险因素
Anything that increases your chance of getting a disease is called a risk factor. Having a risk factor does not mean you are sure to get cancer. It means your chances are higher than the average person’s. Talk with your doctor to learn more about your cancer risk.
患直肠癌的几率随着年龄的增长而增加. 以下是直肠癌的其他危险因素：
- A personal history of colon, rectal, or ovarian cancer or high-risk colorectal polyps
- A 家族病史 of colon or 直肠癌 in a parent, child, or sibling
- Changes in certain genes that increase the risk of familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) or hereditary nonpolyposis colo直肠癌 (Lynch syndrome)
- A personal history of Crohn’s disease or chronic ulcerative colitis
- 每天喝三杯或三杯以上的酒
- 吸烟
- 肥胖
- 是黑人
诊断 & 阶段
直肠癌的诊断
筛选 在你有症状之前就检查癌症. 筛选 can also check for anything unusual if you notice changes in your bowel habits or have blood in your stool. 筛选 can rule out an issue or help find cancer at an early stage, 当它可能更容易治疗.
Doctors use these tests to screen for and diagnose 直肠癌:
- 结肠镜检查: 使用灯光瞄准镜, the health care provider looks at the full length of the colon to look for anything unusual. 如果发现息肉, the provider removes them to test for cancer or to prevent them from turning in to cancer in the future.
- 筛选 colonoscopies are recommended for everyone starting at age 45.
- 乙状结肠镜检查: 使用灯光瞄准镜, the health care provider looks at the lower part of the colon and rectum for anything unusual. 如果发现息肉, the provider removes them to test for cancer or to prevent them from turning into cancer in the future.
- 钡灌肠: After filling the lower colon with a liquid that contains barium, 哪个能提高图像质量, health care providers take x-rays to look for polyps or anything unusual in the colon 或直肠.
- 粪便隐血试验（FOBT）： 检查大便中是否有少量的血. The stool sample is usually collected at home and delivered to the lab for testing. Blood in the stool may be a sign of cancer in the colon 或直肠.
- 体格检查及病史： A health care provider examines your body for signs of disease. Your personal health habits, past illnesses, and symptoms help guide the exam.
- 直肠指检（DRE） 作为身体检查的一部分, the health care provider may examine the anus and rectum with a gloved finger.
- 虚拟结肠镜检查: The colon and rectum are examined through a computed tomography scan that creates images of the colon.
- 活组织检查: The health care provider removes cell or tissue samples so they can be viewed under a microscope to check for signs of cancer. 活组织检查通常作为
结肠镜检查.
直肠癌的分期
癌症 stages show whether cancer has spread within or around the rectum or to other parts of the body. 癌症 spreads in the body in three ways: through tissue, the lymph system, or the blood.
以下是结肠癌的分期：
- Stage 0: Stage 0 cancers are often called carcinoma in situ. For stage 0 colon cancer, tests have found abnormal cells on the inside of the rectum wall. 这些不正常的细胞可能变成癌症并扩散.
- Stage 1: The cancer has formed and grown into the wall of the rectum.
- Stage 2 (2A, 2B, 2C): The cancer has grown through the rectal wall, but has not invaded other organs.
- 第三阶段（3A）, 3B, 3C): The cancer has grown into the rectal wall and has spread to the lymph nodes nearby.
- Stage 4 (4A, 4B): The cancer has spread to organs away from the rectum such as the liver or lungs.
When cancer spreads from where it started to another part of the body, it is called metastasis. These metastatic cancer cells are the same type of cancer as the primary tumor. 例如, 如果直肠癌扩散到骨头, the cancer cells in the bone are actually 直肠癌 cells. The disease is metastatic 直肠癌, not bone cancer.
了解更多关于 直肠癌的分期 来自国家癌症研究所.
