Surprisingly little is known about the brain and its disorders. 约翰一. 莫兰眼科中心 研究人员 Alessandra Angelucci, MD, PhD, Behrad Noudoost, MD, PhD, are studying visual neurons to change that. Here they discuss their pioneering 视觉研究, funded in part by the National Institutes of Health Brain 研究 through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies (BRAIN) Initiative.
What are the main questions your research is trying to answer?
Angelucci: Specialized nerve cells called neurons carry messages in the brain. Neurons work together in teams, creating circuits that
help us process certain kinds of information; for example, one circuit allows us to recognize individual faces. 我的实验室 studies these circuits, especially in the visual cortex region of the brain responsible for producing 愿景.
The visual cortex works a bit like building blocks. It builds visual information, 一点一点地, starting in the lower centers with the recognition of simple features of objects, such as their contour, color, 和形状, ending in higher centers with the recognition of complex object features and whole objects such as faces.
Our goal is to learn not only how individual areas of the brain communicate aspects of 愿景, such as shape and color, but also how it merges that information into a single scene. We believe this information merge helps us literally distinguish the forest from the trees.
Noudoost: 我的实验室 focuses on understanding selective attention and working memory. How does the brain focus attention on one
particular aspect of a visual scene? We record and study communication between individual neurons to better understand communication between different areas of the brain responsible for processing aspects of a visual scene, 比如颜色, 运动, 和形状.
We also work to identify what can affect communication between neurons.
例如, we have shown dopamine levels impact the brain’s attentional capacity or how much information it can process at once.
What is most innovative about your research?
Angelucci: I always want to find the most useful technology to answer the questions I want to ask. If that technology doesn’t exist in my lab, we develop it. Over the past 10 years, we’ve developed a new technology that allows us to fill neurons with a fluorescent protein and reveal the shape and roadmap of a brain circuit. This is enabling us to build a diagram of the brain by specific cell types.
Our focus on what scientists call feedback — the exchange of information from higher to lower centers in the brain— also makes our lab unique.
Noudoost: Since the brain has about 10 billion neurons and more than trillions of connections, identifying these communicating neurons can feel a little like trying to find a needle in a haystack. Fortunately, recent technological developments have given us the
ability to identify which neurons are active and to study what and when they are communicating.
Our methods allow us to trace connectivity between neurons with a remarkable level of precision and to characterize their response and function to different stimuli. This allows our lab to understand the sequence of events that happen
How do you hope your research will help patients?
Angelucci: If we know how these circuits process 愿景, we’ll also find clues about what may be happening when someone can’t see. In collaboration with Dr. Steve Blair in Electrical and Computer Engineering, we are building on the work of University of Utah Professor Richard A. Normann, PhD, to develop the next generation of a 视觉假体 for people who have gone blind. The prosthesis stimulates neurons using light to create a form of artificial 愿景.
Noudoost: The brain is constantly selecting which aspect of information to focus on, but in disorders such as ADHD, 自闭症, Parkinson’s disease, 和精神分裂症, it is unable to prioritize what is important. Knowing what usually occurs, we can shed light on what may not be happening for these patients.
We hope our work is ultimately useful in finding future treatments for disorders related to attention impairment.